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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Model Mugging</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Model Mugging</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <b>United States</b></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Model Mugging</b> is an American form of <a href="Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> training that uses padded instructors, known as "Model Muggers", to simulate assaults. It was founded by Matt Thomas,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed by Danielle Smith, Julio Toribio, Sheryl Doran and Mark Morris. Its inspiration was the 1971 rape and beating that happened to a <a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> <a href="Black_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Black belt (martial arts)">black belt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Representing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Representing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model Mugging attempts to turn the <a href="Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">adrenaline reaction to an active response rather than a fear response</a> through simulated attacks and group talk sessions.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_and_training">Techniques and training</h2></div>
<p>Model mugging training involves students role-playing and sometimes fighting through a variety of assault scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-snr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are taught physical defenses, methods of avoiding or defusing potential assaults, verbal defenses, and decision-making under the pressure of such situations.<sup id="cite_ref-roar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the simulated assaults, heavily padded instructors, often referred to as <i>muggers,</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accost, grab, or directly attack a student, who may respond (if they believe a physical response is appropriate for the situation) with full-force attacks to the padded instructor. The emotionally charged nature of the scenarios combined with the full-force nature of the fighting tend to create an <a href="Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">adrenalized</a> state<sup id="cite_ref-snr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to that of someone facing a real assault. The adrenalized nature of the training is intended to teach the student how to think clearly and respond in adrenalized situations.<sup id="cite_ref-scrips_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrips-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Model Mugging received significant publicity beginning in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first major public recognition was described in 1978 within Human Behavior Magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Popularity of the Model Mugging program expanded rapidly after an article was published in <i><a href="Black_Belt_(magazine)" title="Black Belt (magazine)">Black Belt</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing the innovative training system. Many other publications and supporters began providing positive press coverage,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially in <i><a href="People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was widely publicized in many other popular magazines and media such as <i><a href="Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)">Glamour</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>By 1990, some female instructors stated that women were traumatized by the course or sexually assaulted by Model Mugging male instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several incidents of private lessons that founder Matt Thomas gave to female instructors of the Model Mugging program in his home led to allegations that he had acted inappropriately, the national board of Model Mugging instituted new rules prohibiting the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who had made the allegations broke from the Model Mugging program being taught at Stanford and formed their own self-defense organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1990, psychologist <a href="Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> used Model Mugging for a psychology study where he and Elizabeth Ozer tested the hypotheses that "perceived coping and cognitive control <a href="Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a> govern the effects of personal empowerment over physical threats". The women participated in a mastery modeling self-defense program in which they sought to learn the physical skills to defend themselves successfully against unarmed sexual assailants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughey1997" class="citation book cs1">McCaughey, Martha (1997). "Getting Mean". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realknockoutsphy0000mcca"><i>Real knockouts: the physical feminism of women's self-defense</i></a></span>. NYU Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realknockoutsphy0000mcca/page/60">60</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8147-5577-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>model mugging.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Naughton, Betty (Spring 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/uptrends_magazine_freeze-or-fight_self_defense.pdf">"Freeze or Fight? Choosing Not to Be a Victim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Uptrend</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCummins1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Cummins, Cynthia (December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/women’s-sports-fitness_fight-not-flight_model-mugging-self-defense-classes.pdf">"Fight, Not Flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Women's Sports & Fitness</i>. p. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDrawbridge1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Drawbridge, Jennifer (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/self-magazine_foil-a-mugger-school_model-mugging-self-defense-1988.pdf">"Foil-A-Mugger School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Self_(magazine)" title="Self (magazine)">Self</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>1889, <span class="nowrap">206–</span>208<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing1978" class="citation magazine cs1">King, Pamela (December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/Psychology-Today_Model-Mugging-Self-Defense_1989.pdf">"Women to Their Own Defense"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology Today</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71, 143<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Freeman, Patricia (July 18, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/people_1988_model_mugging_self_defense.pdf">"Kicking and Screaming Women"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/LIFE_Magazine_Self-Defense_Nov1993.pdf">"Fighting Back"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. November 1993. p. 106<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuster1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Kuster, Elizabeth (July 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/glamour_conquering-fear_model-mugging-self-defense_1991.pdf">"Conquering Street Fear: A Self-Defense Course Worked For Me"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)">Glamour</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">174–</span>175, <span class="nowrap">190–</span>191<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarling1993" class="citation magazine cs1">McFarling, Usha Lee (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/walking_without_fear_self-defense_walking_magazine.pdf">"Walking Without Fear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Walking Magazine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChristina1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Christina (July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/sassy_magazine_Jul1992_model_mugging_self-defense.pdf">"I Am Woman Hear Me Roar"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sassy</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>66, 87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKinosian1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Kinosian, Janet (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/Fitness_Magazine_Women_Self_Defense_1995.pdf">"How Self-Defense Training Changed My Life"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Fitness_(magazine)" title="Fitness (magazine)">Fitness</a></i>. p. 131<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mother_Jones-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Jones_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeri1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Peri, Camille (September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AecDAAAAMBAJ&q=camille+peri+below+the+belt&pg=PA44">"Below the Belt"</a>. <i><a href="Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOzarAlbert_Bandura1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ozar, Elizabth M.; Albert Bandura (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelmugging.org/history/ozer_bandura_mechanisms-governing-empowerment-effects_journal-personality-social-psychology.pdf">"Mechanisms Governing Empowerment Effects: A Self-Efficacy Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>58</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">472–</span>486. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.58.3.472">10.1037/0022-3514.58.3.472</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2324938">2324938</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelmugging.org">Model Mugging</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Martial_arts468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li>
<li><a href="Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li>
<li><a href="Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li>
<li><a href="Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br>techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Arm strikes
<ul><li><a href="Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li>
<li><a href="Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li>
<li><a href="Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li>
<li><a href="Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li>
<li><a href="Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Leg strikes
<ul><li><a href="Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li>
<li><a href="Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li>
<li><a href="Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li>
<li><a href="Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li>
<li><a href="Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a>
<ul><li><a href="Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li>
<li><a href="Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li>
<li><a href="Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li>
<li><a href="Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li>
<li><a href="Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li>
<li>Melee weapons
<ul><li><a href="Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li>
<li><a href="Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li>
<li><a href="Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li>
<li><a href="Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li>
<li><a href="Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li>
<li><a href="Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li>
<li><a href="Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li>
<li><a href="Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li>
<li><a href="Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li>
<li><a href="Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li>
<li><a href="Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li>
<li><a href="Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li>
<li><a href="Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li>
<li><a href="Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li>
<li><a href="Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li>
<li><a href="Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>
<ul><li><a href="Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li>
<li><a href="Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li>
<li><a href="Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li>
<li><a href="Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li>
<li><a href="Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li>
<li><a href="Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li>
<li><a href="Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li>
<li><a href="Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li>
<li><a href="Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li>
<li><a href="Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li>
<li><a href="Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li>
<li><a href="Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li>
<li><a href="Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li>
<li><a href="Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li>
<li><a href="Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li>
<li><a href="Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li>
<li><a href="Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br> <a href="Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li>
<li><a href="Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li>
<li><a href="Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br> <a href="Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li>
<li><a href="Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li>
<li><a href="Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li>
<li><a href="Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li>
<li><a href="Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li>
<li><a href="Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li>
<li><a href="Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">Street fighting</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li>
<li><a href="To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li>
<li><a href="Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li>
<li><a href="Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li>
<li><a href="Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li>
<li><a href="Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li>
<li><a href="Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li>
<li><a href="Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li>
<li><a href="Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li>
<li><a href="Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li>
<li><a href="Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li>
<li><a href="Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li>
<li><a href="Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li>
<li><a href="Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li>
<li><a href="Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li>
<li><a href="Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li>
<li><a href="Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li>
<li><a href="Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li>
<li><a href="Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li>
<li><a href="Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li>
<li><a href="Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li>
<li><a href="Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li>
<li>Demonstration sports
<ul><li><a href="Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li>
<li><a href="Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li>
<li><a href="Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li>
<li><a href="Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li>
<li>Former official sports
<ul><li><a href="Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Invitational sports
<ul><li><a href="Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li>
<li><a href="Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boxing_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Boxing at the Asian Games">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fencing_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Fencing at the Asian Games">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Judo at the Asian Games">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="Ju-jitsu_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the Asian Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Karate at the Asian Games">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Kurash_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Kurash at the Asian Games">Kurash</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Taekwondo at the Asian Games">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Wrestling at the Asian Games">Wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="Wushu_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Wushu at the Asian Games">Wushu</a></li>
<li>2018 Only
<ul><li><a href="Pencak_silat_at_the_2018_Asian_Games" title="Pencak silat at the 2018 Asian Games">Pencak silat</a></li>
<li><a href="Sambo_at_the_2018_Asian_Games" title="Sambo at the 2018 Asian Games">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br><a href="European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li>
<li><a href="Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li>
<li><a href="Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AMartial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul>
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